Material name: Operations of the Decimal System: Subtraction – Montessori Decimal System Subtraction
Area: Mathematics
Purpose & developmental benefits:
Operations of the Decimal System: Subtraction helps children practice subtraction with large numbers using decimal system materials such as the Golden Beads (Decimal Beads). Children physically take away quantities and exchange from higher place values to lower ones when there is a shortage, allowing them to understand the true nature of subtraction and the concept of “borrowing” in subtraction with regrouping. Learning through concrete, sensory experience helps children move beyond rote memorization to a real understanding of how subtraction works in everyday life.
Skills children develop:
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Perform subtraction with large numbers (with and without regrouping)
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Understand and carry out borrowing/exchanging when needed
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Recognize and apply place value accurately
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Develop logical thinking, analysis, and problem-solving skills
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Build a strong foundation before moving on to the Stamp Game and written subtraction
Recommended age: 6–9 years old (following work with Decimal System Addition and the Change Game)
Materials & components:
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Decimal system beads: unit beads, ten bars, hundred squares, thousand cubes
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Corresponding number cards for each place value
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May include a mat or work board for laying out the operation
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Montessori-standard golden color; safe and durable materials
Use in the classroom / at home:
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Practice subtracting quantities with beads: taking away, exchanging, and returning as needed
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Children set up numbers and perform subtraction step by step by place value
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Repeated practice with large-number subtraction problems
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An essential bridge to Subtraction with the Stamp Game and Dot Game
